Automatic Quality Assurance checks

The GeoTools builds on Travis and https://build.geoserver.org/ apply a handful of tools to statically check code quality and fail the build in case of rule violation:

Each tool is setup to run on high priority checks in order to limit the number of false positives, but some might still happen, the rest of this document shows how errors are reported and what can be done to selectively turn off the checks.

In case you want to just run the build with the full checks locally, use the following command:

mvn clean install -Dqa -Dall

Add extra parameters as you see fit, like -T1C -nsu to speed up the build, or -Dfmt.skip=true -DskipTests to avoid running tests and code formatting.

Formatting

Source code is automatically formatted during a Maven build using the Spotless Maven plugin. In particular, the Google Java style guidelines are automatically enforced, in their AOSP variant (using 4 spaces for indent, instead of 2). Plugins that enforce the same formatting are available for the major IDEs.

POM files are automatically formatted during a Maven build using the sortpom Maven plugin, ensuring proper indentation and consistent ordering of the pom file sections. At the time of writing, no IDE plugin is available to apply the same formatting.

For both source code and pom files, the right formatting is automatically applied while doing a Maven build, which is a strongly recommended practice, before preparing a GIT commit, and more importantly, before preparing a pull request).

PMD checks

The PMD checks are based on the basic PMD validation, but limited to priority 2 checks:

https://github.com/geotools/geotools/blob/qa/pmd-ruleset.xml

In order to activate the PMD checks, use the “-Ppmd” profile.

PMD will fail the build in case of violation, reporting the specific errors before the build error message, and a reference to a XML file with the same information after it:

7322 [INFO] --- maven-pmd-plugin:3.11.0:check (default) @ gt-main ---
17336 [INFO] PMD Failure: org.geotools.data.DataStoreAdaptor:98 Rule:SystemPrintln Priority:2 System.out.println is used.
17336 [INFO] PMD Failure: org.geotools.data.DataStoreAdaptor:98 Rule:SystemPrintln Priority:2 System.out.println is used.
17337 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
17337 [INFO] BUILD FAILURE
17337 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
17338 [INFO] Total time:  16.727 s
17338 [INFO] Finished at: 2018-12-29T11:34:33+01:00
17338 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
17340 [ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-pmd-plugin:3.11.0:check (default) on project gt-main: You have 1 PMD violation. For more details see:       /home/yourUser/devel/git-gt/modules/library/main/target/pmd.xml -> [Help 1]
17340 [ERROR]

In case of parallel build, the specific error messages will be in the body of the build, while the XML file reference wil be at end end, just search for “PMD Failure” in the build logs to find the specific code issues.

PMD false positive suppression

Occasionally PMD will report a false positive failure, for those it’s possible to annotate the method or the class in question with a SuppressWarnings using PMD.<RuleName, e.g. if the above error was actually a legit use of System.out.println it could have been annotated with:

@SuppressWarnings("PMD.SystemPrintln")
public void methodDoingPrintln(...) {

PMD CloseResource checks

PMD can check for Closeable that are not getting property closed by the code, and report about it. PMD by default only checks for SQL related closeables, like “Connection,ResultSet,Statement”, but it can be instructed to check for more by configuration (do check the PMD configuration in build/qa/pmd-ruleset.xml.

The check is a bit fragile, in that there are multiple ways to close an object between direct calls, utilities and delegate methods. The configuration lists the type of methods, and the eventual prefix, that will be used to perform the close, for example:

<rule ref="category/java/errorprone.xml/CloseResource" >
    <properties>
        <property name="closeTargets" value="releaseConnection,store.releaseConnection,closeQuietly,closeConnection,closeSafe,store.closeSafe,dataStore.closeSafe,getDataStore().closeSafe,close,closeResultSet,closeStmt"/>
    </properties>
</rule>

For closing delegates that use an instance object instead of a class static method, the variable name is included in the prefix, so some uniformity in variable names is required.

Error Prone

The Error Prone checker runs a compiler plugin.

In order to activate the Error Prone checks, use the “-Perrorprone” for JDK 11 builds, or “-Perrorprone8” for JDK 8 builds.

Any failure to comply with the “Error Prone” rules will show up as a compile error in the build output, e.g.:

9476 [ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-compiler-plugin:3.8.0:compile (default-compile) on project gt-coverage: Compilation failure
9476 [ERROR] /home/user/devel/git-gt/modules/library/coverage/src/main/java/org/geotools/image/ImageWorker.java:[380,39] error: [IdentityBinaryExpression] A binary expression where both operands are the same is usually incorrect; the value of this expression is equivalent to `255`.
9477 [ERROR]     (see https://errorprone.info/bugpattern/IdentityBinaryExpression)
9477 [ERROR]
9477 [ERROR] -> [Help 1]
org.apache.maven.lifecycle.LifecycleExecutionException: Failed to execute goal org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-compiler-plugin:3.8.0:compile (default-compile) on project gt-coverage: Compilation failure
/home/user/devel/git-gt/modules/library/coverage/src/main/java/org/geotools/image/ImageWorker.java:[380,39] error: [IdentityBinaryExpression] A binary expression where both operands are the same is usually incorrect; the value of this expression is equivalent to `255`.
(see https://errorprone.info/bugpattern/IdentityBinaryExpression)

In case Error Prone is reporting an invalid error, the method or class in question can be annotated with SuppressWarnings with the name of the rule, e.g., to get rid of the above the following annotation could be used:

@SuppressWarnings("IdentityBinaryExpression")

Spotbugs

The Spotbugs checker runs as a post-compile bytecode analyzer.

Any failure to comply with the rules will show up as a compile error, e.g.:

33630 [ERROR] page could be null and is guaranteed to be dereferenced in org.geotools.swing.wizard.JWizard.setCurrentPanel(String) [org.geotools.swing.wizard.JWizard, org.geotools.swing.wizard.JWizard, org.geotools.swing.wizard.JWizard, org.geotools.swing.wizard.JWizard] Dereferenced at JWizard.java:[line 278]Dereferenced at JWizard.java:[line 269]Null value at JWizard.java:[line 254]Known null at JWizard.java:[line 255] NP_GUARANTEED_DEREF

It is also possible to run the spotbugs:gui goal to have a Swing based issue explorer, e.g.:

mvn spotbugs:gui -Pspotbugs -f modules/unsupported/swing/

In case an invalid report is given, an annotation on the class/method/variable can be added to ignore it:

@SuppressFBWarnings(“NP_GUARANTEED_DEREF”)

or if it’s a general one that should be ignored, the ${geotoolsBaseDir}/spotbugs-exclude.xml file can be modified.

Checkstyle

Google Format is already in use to keep the code formatted, so Checkstyle is used mainly to verify javadocs errors and presence of copyright headers, which none of the other tools can cover.

Any failure to comply with the rules will show up as a compiler error in the build output, e.g.:

14610 [INFO] --- maven-checkstyle-plugin:3.0.0:check (default) @ gt-jdbc ---
15563 [INFO] There is 1 error reported by Checkstyle 6.18 with /home/aaime/devel/git-gt/build/qa/checkstyle.xml ruleset.
15572 [ERROR] src/main/java/org/geotools/jdbc/JDBCDataStore.java:[325,8] (javadoc) JavadocMethod: Unused @param tag for 'foobar'.

javac

The Java compiler has a set of options to “lint” the source code. The build server in particular enables:

  • Checks for deprecated APIs, making javac return a compile error any time a deprecated method or object is used.

  • Unchecked warnings, making javac return a compile error any time an unchecked cast happens (typically a mixup between raw types and types with generics).

In most cases, one should check the javadoc of the API in question, learn about replacements, and stop using the deprecated API. This is not always possible, for example, when creating an object wrapper it might happen that a deprecated API needs to be implemented and delegated. In those cases, it’s possible to solve the compile error by suppressing the deprecation via annotations, e.g. @SuppressWarnings("deprecation").

Care should be taken when deprecating an existing API, as all call points to it will immediately trigger the compiler error. It’s often possible to simply “refactor away” the call points by inlining or other automated operations. If that is not feasible, manually resolving deprecated call will provide a good perspective on what the library users will have to face, and help improve suggestions for replacement in the deprecated API javadocs.

Regarding unchecked warnings, they normally happen when a raw type is mixed with generic types. Specifying corresponding generics normally solves them problem. Many parts of GeoTools support converting between types, or extracting a specific object type out of a generic container (e.g., the Feature user map). In these cases an unchecked warning is unavoidable, and needs to be suppressed. The @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") annotation can be placed in a few different places:

  • On a variable/field declaration, allowing surgical suppression just in the place where is needed.

  • By annotating a full method, useful in case the method would require many internal suppressions.

  • By annotating a full class, useful in case the class contents are beyond repair in terrm of type safety.

Another common source of unchecked warnings is casting a generic method result to the type variable “T” before returning the value. In this case, either declare a local variable of type T and suppress the warning there, or, if a Class<T> is available in scope, use theClass.cast(value) to perform the conversion.

More information about generics and unchecked warnings can be found here: